Democracy The Causes Of Capitalism And Democracy

The question of whether democracies create capitalism, or the other way around, I think is too simple and ignores the circumstances in which both are initially created. Historically, it was changes in the economic system and in structures of society, without appropriate simultaneous shifts in the government structure, that created enough tension within societies to warrant a complete reconstruction of governmental institutions. I tend to think that democracy does not have the potential to really exist without there first being some sort of dissatisfaction with how the proletariat and bourgeoisie are being treated under the current economic system and structure of government. Even if the name of changing economics in these non-democratic†¦show more content†¦For example Saudi Arabia, Russia, and Singapore are all successful capitalist countries but none are fully democratic states. Even China has started to become a global economic power as it has become more accepting of cap italism. When considering the impacts of capitalism on a country’s regime type it is important to look at the historical context of how democracies have or have not emerged from nations’ increased capitalist tendencies in the past. Because there was no nation that originated as a democratic one, but rather all of them became democratic through a revolution of some sort or another, the question of who was leading these revolutions and what was the resulting regime type is important. As was illustrated by Potter, the Three Main Routes of Revolution are what can give the most merit to the argument that democracy is a result of general dissatisfaction with the previous regime’s ability to manage the struggles of capitalist tendencies. Potter cites revolutions lead by the bourgeois as most commonly leading to democracies, as was the case in the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. Revolutions lead by the elite class of a state lead to more fascist authorita rian regimes, such as Germany and Japan. Revolutions lead by peasants lead to communist authoritarian regimes such as China and Russia. In all of these cases, capitalism lead to a regime change but not all of them were democratic. Thus, the revolutions that are supported by the general peopleShow MoreRelatedThe changing of Democracy Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagescultures have evolved, the ideas of government and democracy have evolved as well. The economic and cultural status of a time period affects how people perceive their government. Living in a capitalist nation does not necessarily mean that democracy is non-existent. However, it does not mean that democracy in the nation has been fully formed and developed. The capitalist economy is altering the beliefs of what it means to be a democratic nation. Democracy gives power to the people. However, culturalRead MoreCapitalism: A Love Story Essay1063 Words   |  5 Pagespromotes capitalism enables businesses to gain wealth at the expense of the consumer’s wealth. Ultimately this becomes a question of morality as these corporations reap the money from hardworking citizens for the purpose of greed and exploitation of the free market economy. In the film, Capitalism: A love story, the film makers use conventions and point of view to show that capitalism in America is an evil that is better replaced by democracy. Michael Moore warns everyone that promoting capitalism willRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Nation State902 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause they stifle political identity. While some inhabitants of a nation might accept the the culture of other nations in addition to their own, others might have feelings of deep nationalism. In Scotland, this appeared to be true and what it did was cause somewhat of a social rift between th e two nations. The fact that Scotland wanted to leave the UK left many people thinking what was so wrong that they wanted to separate themselves. I find that the subjectivity among individuals and the connectionRead MorePolitical Economy And Democracy Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Capitalism and American Democracy have always gone hand in hand for the entire history of the United States since its founding, and many say one cannot exist without the other. Many people today commonly associate Capitalism with Democracy when asked about the United States in general. But this statement is inherently flawed; capitalism is based on profits for the few while democracy is based on rights for many. So how can such a contradictory statement be good for the society as a wholeRead More Implications of Capitalism on Objective News Content1397 Words   |  6 PagesWhile Capitalism might first be seen as a positive influence on free and open access to information, in fact, it can also have a detrimental impact. Inaccurate news stories, sensationalized material, and manipulation through the media are all repercussions of the effe cts of capitalism. Capitalism’s influence in the media skews content in favour of the market, preventing the public from access to democratic, objective news content. Too often, capitalist influence dominates the media market throughRead MoreEssay on The Impact Immigrants have on the Economy1478 Words   |  6 Pageslater work, Democracy and Its Critics, presents a state that can be viewed as truly democratic and applicable in a real political system. Dahl’s work is a synthesis of his learnings, an understand that his original ideas about democracy and the ideals of others left out some key democratic ideals that leave the consumer looking for more, certainly wondering what is democratic about the system proposed. This becomes very apparent in Schumpeter’s work Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy as he suggestsRead MoreThe Cold War was the perpetual rivalry that took place between the Soviet Union and The United600 Words   |  3 Pageswar based on ideas of communism and capitalism. The war never fully escalated because both powers knew that use of nuclear weapons would be disastrous, although, there was a nuclear arms escalation between both sides. The Truman Doctrine stated that it was America’s responsibility to contain communism. I think America should not have got involved in a war against communism and neither should China and Russia have rallied against democracy. One of the main causes that led to the Cold War was America’sRead MoreFerguson term paper1168 Words   |  5 Pagesbook, he talks about these four black boxes. He uses these four sealed black boxes to â€Å"demonstrate that Western institutions have indeed degenerated† (Ferguson page 11). The first of these â€Å"long-sealed† boxes is â€Å" labelled ‘democracy’. The second is labelled ‘capitalism’. The third is ‘the rule of law’. And the fourth box labelled ‘civil society’† (Ferguson). Each one of these boxes are an important part of how our civilization works. The purpose for revealing these black boxes, Ferguson statesRead MoreThe Economic System Of A Mixed Economy System Essay874 Words   |  4 Pagescapitalist’s mode of production. The program also retain fundamental issues of capitalism such as cynical fluctuations, exploitation and alienation. Another government negative is that it decides the amount of tax on products which may lead to hike of the prices of such products hence people unwillingness to buy. Lack of price control management can cause deficiencies in goods hence bringing market imbalance. Social democracy is mostly flawed for maintaining a property-owning capitalist class whichRead MoreThe Relationship Between Capitalism And Democracy2286 Words   |  10 PagesThe relationship between capitalism and democracy has been defined by many as fundamental complementary ideologies, and social scientists have discovered an undeniable link between the two structures with some suggesting that â€Å"where either capitalism or democracy flourishes, the other must soon follow† (Reich, 2007). Currently, the main form of modern democracy is polyarchal democracy which originated from the Greek word polyarkhe, meaning ‘many rule’. This infers that multiple people within a government

Three branches of government - 1113 Words

ABSTRACT The components of the constitution are the framework for our country, and all function to give our government structure. The judicial, legislative, and executive branches are all key components that make up our government, acting independently from the others, and allowing for checks and balances in order to prevent misuse of power. Federalism affects how our government is run, and especially the criminal justice system. Within our criminal justice system the main components are law enforcement, criminal courts, civil courts, and corrections. Federal Government Criminal Justice System The United States federal government is made up of three branches, which all serve different purpose but†¦show more content†¦Federalism is important so that there can be a set of checks and balances over the states, and so that people can appeal to a higher court if necessary. Criminal Justice System There are many components of the criminal justice system and roles that each department have. The first component is law enforcement, which are first responders, and typically the first to show up to a reported crime scene. It is their jobs to enforce the laws of the land, help prevent crimes by policing, and arrest those suspected of committing crimes (OTHER. Once a person is arrested, they enter into the criminal court system. The court system is made up of defense and prosecuting attorneys, as well as judges and juries. Criminal courts are separated into state and federal, and depending on the crime, the accused will tried at either one. The court system is an important part of due process, where someone is innocent until proven guilty in the court of law. Judges determine whether or not to let the defendant post bond, and can also issue warrants which will allow police officers to arrest suspects (Volkomer, 2011). Those accused have a chance to present their case and be heard. If the defendant is found guilty, they will be given their sentence in court and turned over to corrections. Not all court proceedings are criminal, legal proceedings can also be civil (Davenport, 2012). Civil courts deal with cases where a person files a complaint against the person being sued, whichShow MoreRelatedThree Branches of Government1117 Words   |  5 PagesThree Branches of the Federal Government In May 1787, 55 delegates from 12 states, Rhode Island declined, met in Philadelphia for the Constitutional Convention. The purpose of the convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, but what occurred was the writing of the U.S. Constitution. George Washington was unanimously elected as President of the Convention. After four months of deliberations Gouveneur Morris submitted the final draft and 39 of the 55 delegate present signed the ConstitutionRead MoreThe Three Branches Of Government1266 Words   |  6 PagesThe Three Branches of Government The government of the United States of America is a federal constitutional republic. In layman s terms, this means that the country s national, central government and the smaller, unitary governments of the fifty states are co-equal in their power, and that the citizens of America have a say in public policies by electing representatives who voice their respective opinions. More importantly, both the central government and the state governments areRead MoreThe Three Branches Of Government725 Words   |  3 PagesBranches of Government The United States Government has three branches, legislative power, executive power, and judicial power. The founders of a division of power did not want all the power to be centralized in a monarch or anyone else, so they divided the legal authority into the three branches. Legislative power creates new laws, the constitution gives this power to congress, which is made up of the senate and the house of representatives. Executive power gives the authority to enforce laws,Read MoreThe Three Branches of Government1260 Words   |  6 PagesThe Three Branches of U.S. Government The leaders at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 desired an unbiased, fair government. They believed they could keep a strong yet non-oppressive government form by creating three divided branches. The branches are the legislative, judicial and executive branches. The legislative branch is led by Congress which is split up into the Senate and the House of Representatives. The judicial branch is fronted by the Supreme Court. The executive branch is headedRead MoreThe Three Branches Of Government1139 Words   |  5 Pages When the founders were creating the Constitution for the new nation they wanted to keep the freedoms of the United States but wanted to have a strong government. They thought the best way to get a strong government but to keep the people’s rights were to create the three branches of government. The three branches of government are Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Branch. Legislative makes laws, Executive enforces the laws, and the Judicial branch e xplains the laws. Know we will key on the LegislativeRead MoreThe Three Branches Of Government1248 Words   |  5 PagesThe Three Branches of Government In the beginning the United States was based upon the Articles of Confederation where the national government consisted of only one legislative body. Under the Articles of Confederation the national government had very limited powers and because of that problems began to emerge. States were now conducting their own foreign trade negotiations, printing their own money, and organizing their own armed forces violating the national law. Because of this a groupRead MoreThe Three Branches Of The Government1298 Words   |  6 PagesThe Three Branches of the Government The Government has three branches for law making. When a law is being created, it starts at the Legislative, and then gets passed to the Executive branch, then to the Judicial branch. Each branch has their own area of the law that they look at. In the end, it is decided if the law will be issued to the people. When the law is being created, it starts at the Legislative branch. In the branch, Congress is made up of two houses, the Senate and the House of RepresentativesRead MoreThe Three Branches Of Government Essay1146 Words   |  5 Pages The Three Branches of Government In 1787 the leaders of the united states gathered to write the constitution which they also divided into three branches to ensure a central government in which no group or individual gains too much control. The three branches consists on the following Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. Legislative branch rejects or confirms presidential appointments, and also has the authority to declareRead MoreThe Three Branches Of Federal Government1290 Words   |  6 Pagesordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.† The Constitution is the framework of our government, containing seven articles. The first three describe the three branches of Federal government which are legislative, judicial, and executive. The second three outline the rights and responsibilities of state governments and in relation to the Federal government. Lastly, the seventh article establishes the procedure used by the thir teen states to ratify it. These powerful wordsRead MoreEssay on Three Branches of Government725 Words   |  3 Pages Instructors, training on how to grade is within the Instructor Center. Assignment 1 Branches of Government Create a flowchart of the three branches of government and associate two (2) Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) clauses for each branch of government. Designate the relationships among the governmental branches. In an accompanying document, exemplify the types of powers of each branch of government and include these items: * Taxing and spending powers * Limits on both federal

Personal Finance free essay sample

I will also need to prepare a plan to pay for the college of my choice. 3. Describe two of your long-term financial goals, and explain why these goals are important to you. List at least three steps that might help you accomplish this goal. (4-6 sentences. 2. 0 points) My long-term financial goals are to buy a house and to retire. These are important to me because it pertains to how I will live when I am too old to work. I will need to make a budget, prepare my finances, and spend and save wisely. 4. Describe an example of a common financial resource, an expense, and a debt. These can be examples from your own life or from other people you know or can imagine. (3-6 sentences. 3. 0 points) A financial resource can be a house because it is worth money to the banks. It is an expense because you have to spend money to pay for it. And it can be a debt if you choose a house that is out of your price range and you cannot meet the payments for the house. 5. Describe a real or made up but realistic example of earned income that you or someone you know has received. What type of work was the income from? Was the income in the form of a salary or wages? 1-2 sentences. 1. 0 points) A teenager working at a fast food restaurant is an example of earned income. The income is in the form of wages because they are paid by the hour. 6. Describe a real or made up but realistic example of unearned income that you or someone you know has received. (1-2 sentences. 1. 0 points) Winning the lottery is an example of unearned income. 7. In your Section_2 folder, navigate to and open the Example_W-2. Use it to answer the questions below. a. What is the name of Jessie Robinsons employer? (0. 5 points) Finance Learning Corporation b. What is the total gross income Jessie received from this employer? (0. 5 points) TIP: This is in the box labeled Wages, tips, other compensation. $16,680. 24 c. How much did Jessies employer withhold for federal income tax from Jessies paycheck? (0. 5 points) $1,728. 00 d. How much did Jessies employer withhold for Social Security tax from Jessies paycheck? (0. 5 points) $1034. 16 e. How much did Jessies employer withhold for Medicare tax from Jessies paycheck? (0. 5 points) $241. 92 f. Calculate Jessie Robinson’s net pay by subtracting the three amounts withheld for taxes from Jessies gross pay. 0. 5 points) $13676. 16 8. In your Section_2 folder, navigate to and open the Example_1040EZ, and then complete the steps below to save a copy of the file with your initials in your Section_2 folder. a. Click the File menu, and then Click Save a Copy. b. If a Save a Copy dialog box appears, click Save a Copy. c. Make sure the Save in drop-down list is set to your Section_2 folder. If not, click the drop-down list, then click Local Disk (C:), then double-click your course folder, and then double-click the Section_2 folder. d. In the Name: field, type Example_1040EZ followed by your initials. e. Click Save. 9. Follow the instructions below to fill out the 1040EZ form using Jessie Robinsons information. Be sure to save your work! (5. 0 points for completing the 1040EZ form correctly according to the instructions below) TIP: You can refer to Section 2, Lesson 2 for help in filling out the form. a. Fill out the Income section of the 1040EZ form, using the following information: i. The gross income information from Jessie Robinsons W-2 form. TIP: This is the amount from question 7b above. i. This employer was Jessies only source of income. iii. Jessie had no taxable interest. iv. Jessie was not an  Alaska  resident. v. Jessie has no spouse and cant be claimed as a dependent by someone else. b. Fill out the Payments, Credits, and Tax section of the 1040EZ form using the following information: i. The federal income tax withholding information from Jessies W-2 form. TIP: This is the amount from question 7c ab ove. Social Security tax and Medicare tax are not important to the 1040EZ form. ii. Jessie cant be claimed as a dependent by anyone else. ii. Jessie is not claiming the Earned Income Credit. iv. Jessie is not a member of the U. S. Armed Forces who served in a combat zone. v. Use the Example_Instructions_1040EZs tax table on pages 27-35 to find the amount that Jessie Robinson owes. TIP: The Example_Instructions_1040EZ is in your Section_2 folder. c. Fill out the Refund section by performing the calculations if the IRS owes Jessie Robinson money. Do not fill out the bank account information section. d. Fill out the Amount You Owe section if Jessie owes the IRS money. e. Do not fill out the Third Party Designee Section, the Sign Here section, or the Paid Preparers Use Only Section. f. Click the File menu, and then click Save so that your work is saved. 10. Describe at least two common types of variable expenses that you expect to have at some point in your life. (1-2 sentences. 1. 0 points) 11. Describe at least two non-discretionary expenses that you expect to have at some point in your life. (2-4 sentences. 1. 0 points) 12. Describe at least two discretionary expenses that you expect to have at some point in your life. 2-4 sentences. 1. 0 points) 13. Imagine you have a budget of $1,000 per month. Make a list of at least three categories you would use that money toward, such as housing, utilities, transportation, food, clothing, entertainment, savings, and so on. Then put a dollar amount next to each item to show how much money you would budget for this item each month. Make sure the total adds up to $1,000. (3. 0 points) TIP: The cost of each item can be a rough estimate. You dont need to research specific costs of each expense. 14. Describe an advertisement youve seen that uses a desire based marketing message. What desire does this ad appeal to? (2-4 sentences. 1. 0 points) TIP: This can be any type of ad, such as a TV commercial, a radio ad, a magazine ad, a billboard, an Internet ad, or another type of ad. 15. Describe an advertisement youve seen that uses a fear based marketing message. What fear does this ad appeal to? (2-4 sentences. 1. 0 points) TIP: This can be any type of ad, such as a TV commercial, a radio ad, a magazine ad, a billboard, an Internet ad, or another type of ad.

Future of Multinational Enterprise †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Future of Multinational Enterprise. Answer: Introduction: Global trade has dependably been changing and makes a vulnerability of the up and coming innovation and globalization or strategy impacts (Narula, 2014). In addition, the environment is by all accounts ceaselessly including particularly with the landscape in New Zealand and Australia. The cooperation is exceptionally exaggerated with the nonstop and progressive effect of the web in the universal outskirts deciding future rate of monetary development (Mokyr, Vickers and Ziebarth, 2015). The substance that is relating with the same situation can be additionally explained in view of the effectiveness of specific information and outline on the up and coming patterns. The changing patterns in customer's inclinations have disintegrated the topographical hindrances as well as even have supported international trade. On the other hand, the trends feature the innovation, changes in demands took after by strategy and globalization with less expensive cost of data sources. The information on globalization outlines the effect on the yearly development rates that envelops the worldwide increment in rate changes crosswise over years from 1980 2015 (Figure 1). According to this quantitative information, GDP of Australia has been taken from World Bank information inferred in 2016 and is interim in scale running from under 10% to around 25% of fares as GDP. The information depends on rate increment through a period arrangement chart managing changes in fares of worldwide GDP (Bhattacharyya and Williamson, 2016). The variables included in this chart are year (quantitative variables) and the percentage increase in GDP (quantative variable). The data here is an example of descriptive statistics. This is not inferential statistics because the whole population is considered to conduct the study The trend line shows the percentage increase in GDP over the years 1960 to 2015. The values are represented using this line as this will show the trend of the GDP over the years and can be compared very easily. This data set can be enhanced by applying appropriate changes. These changes can be enhanced from the changes that occur from the average value by using standard deviations of the GDP growth. The clarification can be trailed by the ordinal data taken from Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade for Australia determining the main 5 exporters in the interim of 5 years from 1995 (Figure 2). It can be seen that since 90's Japan has one of the colossal fare markets took after by China (Flanagan, 2017). Consequently, it can be anticipated that in later years, Japan and China would be holding the market solid. In any case, the investigation can be exploratory and can subject to change in view of the diverse components that impact the business sectors. The data in figure 2 is ordinal data. The variables included in this chart are year (Quantitative data) and country names (Qualitative data) The numbers show the ranks of the countries with which Australia expresses the most export relation. The year 2025 shows the predictions in the export relation ranks based on the previous trends. Then again, the web use in Australia has been expanding from 2011 till now (Figure 3). The information source in this case is also the Australian Bureau of Statistics in Internet Service Provider Survey through Deloitte's Calculations and the information has proportion scale. According to the information depictions, the volume of information downloads have been continually expanding in New Zealand in contrast with Australia which has been beneath 100,000 Tb crosswise over 5 years. In any case, for this situation a likelihood of probability in odds of volume could have made sureness on the choices made. The variables involved in this figure are year (Quantative variable) and volume of monthly download in Tb (Quantative variable). The data involves the whole population and not a sample of the population. Thus it is descriptive statistics and not inferential statistics. The trend line shows the amount of increase in internet usage over the years 2011 to 2016. The data is shown with the help of multiple line graph as it is easily comparable. With the trail of the discussions above, the exports should be figured from the worldwide increase in demand of essential items from the markets like Australia, New Zealand and China. Information has been taken from Australian Bureau of Statistics from June 2016, which is in the ratio in scale according to the incentive among merchandise and enterprises (Figure 4). Australian exports have been featured by more products (78%) yet the composition of the countrys GDP demonstrates a difference in relation to more rate from administrations (77%) and the same composition of GDP runs with the comparative organization New Zealand too which add up to export of NZ$70.9 billion. The doughnut chart shows the populace through a subset of exports from GDP synthesis. The eventual fate of trade is the way to bring down process with the goal that merchandise can have a decent arrangement among items than administrations (Buckley and Casson, 2016). The variables involved in this figure are the export values of goods and services for the year 2016 (Quantitative variable) The data consists of the whole population and not a sample of it. Thus it is descriptive statistics. The data is represented as percentages of the values The data has been expressed in this manner in order to make easy comparisons. The drivers have additionally being portraying through various factors and have come about that the adjustment in 5 years is particularly for the administration based ventures with the end goal that the computerized patterns and innovation make the best in outlines (Kane et al., 2015). The stacked bar graph delineates the level of the proportion scale estimation. This has been found out on the basis of the data accumulated by Chartered Accountants of Australia and New Zealand in 2016. The measurable outcomes have been figured utilizing the table of distribution of frequency through total rate that can be additionally represented using the median and the cumulative probability curve or the ogive. The portrayal of the information is determining more changes in innovation, changing inclinations and government strategy (Feige and Vonortas, 2017). In addition, even the divisions of forestry and agricultural services have at-most 50% scope by the three drivers altogether and over 70% has b een seen on mass media and communication and on the information as well. The data in figure one contains one variable, changes in drivers. The data is qualitative in nature. The values are shown as percentage of the total values. This is survey data and thus, inferential statistics can be computed on this data in order to represent the whole population from the sample. The data has been expressed in this form to make easy comparisons of the respective categories and the effects of the drivers in each of them. In view of closing this discussion, it can be concluded that, the countries Australia and New Zealand has a solid yet conservative position to develop its export facilities through globalization, approach and changing patterns according to information outline. Also, the measurable instruments that could have additionally profited the outcomes are through exploratory gathering and use of ordinary appropriation with likelihood, which additionally features the deviation in reactions. The overviews went about as a key wellspring of information through Australian Bureau of Statistics and different sources with most recent information in 2016 however a measurable deduction of quartiles could have been supported on the information of fares for a greater clearness in changes. The patterns can be guided when arrangement information for appropriate examination on the patterns. References Bhattacharyya, S., Williamson, J. G. (2016). Distributional consequences of commodity price shocks: Australia over a century.Review of Income and Wealth,62(2), 223-244. Buckley, P. J., Casson, M. (2016).The future of the multinational enterprise. Springer. Feige, D., Vonortas, N. S. (2017). Context appropriate technologies for development: Choosing for the future.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,119, 219-226. Flanagan, S. (2017). Building resilience in Japan-China ties: a role for Australia. Kane, G. C., Palmer, D., Phillips, A. N., Kiron, D., Buckley, N. (2015). Strategy, not technology, drives digital transformation.MIT Sloan Management Review and Deloitte University Press,14. Mokyr, J., Vickers, C., Ziebarth, N. L. (2015). The history of technological anxiety and the future of economic growth: Is this time different?.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,29(3), 31-50. Narula, R. (2014).Globalization and technology: Interdependence, innovation systems and industrial policy. John Wiley Sons.

Descartes Applied To Biology Essays (699 words) - Nucleic Acids

Descartes Applied To Biology The Methods of Descartes Applied to the World of Biology Descartes method of questioning what is real is a very important aspect of the world of science. I will show how this method of philosophy is crucial to the studies of biology. Descartes said that the only time that something is not doubted is when it is clear and distinctly true. This is the difference in science between theory and fact. In order for something to be clear and distinct it must be a fact. DNA was discovered on April 25,1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick. They discovered that it was a double helix made up of 5 carbon sugars, phosphates, and 4 different nitrogenous bases. This is where Descartes comes in to play. There was much questioning whether DNA even existed and if it did what was it like. DNA is only about 10 nanometers wide so it is extremely small and easily overlooked. There was much research done to try to figure out the structure of DNA molecules. Chargraff came up with the theory of there being 4 different nitrogenous bases in equal quantities purines and pyrimidines. This was eventually proven true but at the time was not definite. Descartes would not be satisfied with this because it wasn't clear and distinct fact yet. Different theories came up about the actual structure of the molecule. Originally Watson and Crick believed that the molecule could be single stranded and at one point they also believed that it might be triple stranded. This still was only theory and not clear and distinct, so their research continued. Rosalind Franklin was an assistant on the DNA project. She was an X-ray crystallographer, which is someone who takes pictures of strands of DNA. Much research went on till one day a picture was taken to show the B form of DNA, which gave Watson and Crick the information that they had needed. This picture showed that DNA was double stranded and that it was in the shape of a double helix. It was with a little more research that it was finally proven that DNA was a double helix and due to this structure its function was also proven. It was now clear and distinct that DNA is real. If Watson and Crick just left their research at one of the other points such as the single strand or triple strand the real structure would not have been found. This would continue the doubt about DNA's existence and function. People would also be learning the wrong information because they would be learning about theories that were never concluded. The same thing is being done with the cure to Cancer as well as many other diseases. Possible cures are thought up very often. These possible cures are far off to be factual. It takes many years of testing to really see whether the original theory of the cure will actually work. Even then there is still doubt. The problem with most drugs is that they react differently to each individual in terms of their success. This would make drugs go against what Descartes would trust because it is not fact. If you decide to take a drug to cure cancer it may not because there is no proven way at this time. Descartes' theory is pretty much the basis for the world of science in general. Science is made up of people doubting things and only believing in them when they are proven fact. This is what Descartes' whole point was in his theory. Trust only what is fact. Ideas begin with a hypothesis, which is an educated guess. The hypothesis is the basis for the research. They are then tested and theories arise. Theories are still not proven even though there has been research done. Much research needs to be done before it can be proven. Only then can the end result be clear and distinct fact. Biology and all science is based on these theories of questioning till proven. Science is respected because things are tested till they are clear and distinct facts. This is why science can be trusted by the ideals of Descartes. Philosophy Essays

Educating Children With Autism †Childhood Development Essay

Educating Children With Autism – Childhood Development Essay Free Online Research Papers Educating Children With Autism Childhood Development Essay The numbers of children with autism has been growing in recent years. Questions about autism and educating those with autism has been growing even more. According to statistics from the internet for reasons unknown, autism is growing at a rate of 10-17% per year(â€Å"Autism,† 2000). Some speculations for children acquiring autism are vaccines containing Thimerosal (2000). Thimerosal is a mercury-based preservative and know neurotoxin no longer used in childhood vaccines (2000). A Danish study showing all children born in Denmark between 1990-1996 shows no difference between children who received the Thimerosal vaccine and those who didn’t (2000). Likewise, Sweden, where Thimerosal was eliminated in 1993, shows autism continues to grow (2000). Researchers current thinking is that genetic factors are involved, but have yet to identify a single gene or â€Å"trigger† that causes autism- there are many, many other theories (â€Å"Autism,† 2000). Autism can usually be detected between 18 months and 3 years(â€Å"Autism,† 2000). Parents are usually the first to notice that there child is focused on one thing, have repetitive movements, stemming, difficulty, with social issues, and unusual responses to certain sounds or the way an object looks(2000). Autism is a spectrum disorder, symptoms and characteristics present themselves in a wide variety of combinations, from mild to severe and can include seizures and mental retardation, which ultimately causes problems in education, according to the article from remedyfind.com (2000). There is no cure, but evidence over the last 15 years indicates intensive early intervention, in optimal educational settings, for at least 2 years during the preschool years, results in improved outcomes in most children(â€Å"Autism,† 2000). Treatment approaches include occupational and physical therapies such as sensory integration and behavior modification techniques. Most important is the socialization (2000). Children with autism learn by example suggestions and appropriate responses for the situation in question; for example, teaching autistic kids how to dress for rainy weather (Elliot 2000). It’s raining, it’s cloudy, it’s cold, you wear a raincoat, and use an umbrella children with autism, also learn by example, experience or role playing (2000). Schedules and rule cards must be precise and used consistently (2000). Rewards, classroom setting and teaching autistic kids how to dress for rainy weather(2000). It’s raining, it’s cloudy, it’s cold, you wear a raincoat, use an umbrella (2000). To solve behavior differences, a medley of strategies are used to fit the individual, the environment and the situation(2000). This is regardless of the label that may be used (2000). A label gives us an inkling of characteristics that fit certain behaviors(2000). Mel Levine in Educational Week 12/00 insisted that â€Å"the brain is too complex for one method that will solve our education goals† (Elliot 2000). The goal is â€Å"to equip educators with the latest research about children’s brain development, and then help them put that knowledge to good use in the classroom† (2000). We must, in turn, assist parents, students and peers as well to accept, facilitate development and support educational efforts (2000). Autism Spectrum Disorders. (2000). Remedy Find. TRUSTe. 7 Mar 2005 from www.remedyfind.com/hc-Autism.asp Elliot, Laura.(2000).Visual and Social Strategies for Students Who May Have Communication Delays or Individual Behaviors That Must Be Accommodated. Retrieved 7 Mar. 2005 from Capistrano Unified School District at Research Papers on Educating Children With Autism - Childhood Development EssayInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Project Managment Office SystemStandardized TestingResearch Process Part OneGenetic EngineeringThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

Paraphrase and improve presenting style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paraphrase and improve presenting style - Essay Example The sources of these sounds are categorized in relation to their engagement of the basis of molecular formation; solids, liquids and gasses. Background: In terms of pitch and frequency discrimination tasks, human performance has been intensively researched with its primary focus upon the duration of repetitive wavecycles. These studies concluded that an individuals’ increasing exposure to wavecycles subsequently increases their performance. This revelation would contribute to the understanding of the evolution of animal’s communicative sounds, particularly from single-pulse resonances which became repetitive expressions of the same stimulus. A study conducted by Hsieh and Saberi (2007) found that an increase in performance coincided with the lengths of exposure duration, where increasing exposure increased performance. Aim: The primary aim of this study was to explore the effect repetition has upon human performance, particularly how the number of exposure periods to a damped sinusoid and double damped sinusoids increases the individuals’ performances. The experimenter then compared the effect on individuals’ performances, focusing between damped and double damped sinusoids. Method: Ten participants with average auditory abilities were recruited from a single population; the staff and students of the university. The experimenters exposed the subjects to an increasing number of periods (1, 2, 4, 8 and 16) of a damped and double damped sinusoid. They accomplished this by using â€Å"a three alternative forced choice method and a one up three down adaptive procedure stair case† in conjunction with the examination of the Just Noticeable Difference threshold in the subject’s ability to discriminate the exposure to varying frequencies. The experimenters labeled the samples in this study as â€Å"looks†, as their multiple-look models would collectively account for the collected data which came from the temporal

Design history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Design history - Essay Example ifferent time periods and thus have different styles,, Lucian Bernhard’s Priester Matches (1905), and Stefan Sagmeister, AIGA poster (1999 they are all innovations that derive from the social problems at that time and given place. It is significant that these innovations were made to solve social problems. William Morris’s design of a chapter cover for Ruskin, The Nature of Gothic, clearly shows that it evolved from a social concern in which the Industrial Revolution caused a deficiency of aesthetic advertising and artwork. People did not want to spend their time on flyers that ultimately disappear and be surpassed with new artwork within a few days. William Morris realized that this problem came out of the Industrial Revolution and he attempted to fill society with beauty through decorative and ornamental artwork. He believed that beautiful designs would benefit the people and help to build morality in the people as well. Thus, his beliefs are clearly demonstrated in his design. As a leader of the art and crafts movement, he used very ornamental decorations on the borders of the cover and he showed how he considered aesthetics as an important part of his design. He borrowed medieval imagery and adapted it to a style more suited to the 19th century. His designs helped propel th e art and crafts movement and replaced amateur designs, which lacked aesthetics. Similarly, Bernhard’s innovation was also one of the most successful designs that met the social needs of the day. After the Industrial Revolution, many new businesses were established. At that time, every company’s advertisements followed Art Nouveau. The typical advertisement of the day was busy and crowded looking. Within this vast amount of companies, it was really hard to identify one from another. In contrast to the ornamental and decorative style that dominated advertising and artwork at that time, Bayer’s design was definitely an innovative style. Unlike other advertisements, he did not use

Death penalty and its affects on the economy Research Paper

Death penalty and its affects on the economy - Research Paper Example The question arises if the death penalty is worth-applying if its efficiency is so doubtful and, moreover, it is considered to be unethical. It is essential to think over the issue as the government of several states still spends much budget facilities on the not well-grounded and unreasonable killing. We should not forget that in some cases capital punishment is applied to innocent people. This fact again reminds that capital punishment is unethical and ungrounded. The given paper will try to answer this question and define how much death penalty costs our government and if it would be more rational to direct this finances on the programs, which are proved to be efficient in crime prevention (Gaie, 2004). The analysis of the current state of the United States’ police brings upsetting results. The facts testify that in the current conditions of crisis the state is forced to fire many policemen, to release prisoners before the appointed time. And if to add the overfull courts, we will have the full picture of the current situation: the crime is rising rapidly. The state of criminal justice system was shaken due to the economic crisis the country is currently going through. The recession influenced every state differently: in Georgia the state had to fire around 1000 of police employees and in New Jersey 500 policemen remained without job. In Texas rearrests are frequent as prisoners can’t be kept for long. In Florida more than 3000 prisoners were released before the appointed time. Some of these states, and they are Texas, Florida and Georgia, spend too much money on death penalty without any positive result. â€Å"Over two-thirds of the states and the federal government have installed an exorbitantly expensive system of capital punishment which has been a failure by any measure of effectiveness. Literally hundreds of millions of dollars have already been spent on a response to crime which is calculated to be carried out on a few people each year and which has done nothing to stem the rise in violent crime† (Dieter). It is obvious that the high and ungrounded cost of death penalty makes the United States of America less safe as the financial facilities spent on death penalty are taken from the programs, the effectiveness of which are proved. For instance, in California the government does not have enough facilities to organize appropriate and needed policing, while it still spends much money on death penalty. Texas that is famous for the quantity of capital punishment cases, spend more than $2 million per case! It is no need to say that Texas is famous not only for the high number of death penalty cases, but also for its high murder rate. â€Å"The death penalty is escaping the decisive cost-benefit analysis to which every other program is being put in times of austerity. Rather than being posed as a single, but costly, alternative in a spectrum of approaches to crime, the death penalty operates at the extremes of pol itical rhetoric. Candidates use the death penalty as a facile solution to crime which allows them to distinguish themselves by the toughness of their position rather than its effectiveness† (Dieter). The capital punishment appears to be much more expensive that life imprisonment. First of all, the expenses on capital trials are very high as well as all the pre-trial procedures like professional witness research and the selection of jury cost much.

Animal Cells: Types and Functions

Animal Cells: Types and Functions I chose to do my research paper on an animal cell because I thought it would be interesting to see how an animal cell works. Animal are very complex when it comes to determining where the cell is found, the function of the cell, and all the organelles names and functions. An animal cell has many contents and thats why its very complex and important. The animal cell contents are cell membrane, Lysosome, nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear membrane, vacuole, mitochondria, centrosome, cytoplasm, rough er, smooth er, ribosome, and Golgi body. The cell membrane is a thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. This is also called the membrane semipermeable which means allowing some substance passing through the cell and blocking others. The Lysosome is spherical organelles that function as a recycling center and a garbage disposal. Powerful digestive enzymes concentrated in the Lysosome break down worn out organelles and ship their building blocks to the cytoplasm where they are used to construct new organelles. Lysosomes also dismantle and recycle protein, lipids, and molecules. The digestion of a cells nutrients takes place here. A nucleus is a spherical body containing many organelles including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell by controlling protein synthesis and it also contains DNA chromosomes. The nucleus is also surrounded by the nuclear membrane. It is the largest organelle in an animal cell and it contains numerous strands of DNA. Long sections of eukaryotic DNA pack into the nucleus by wrapping the proteins. While the cell begins to divide, each DNA strand folds over itself several times forming a rod shaped chromosome. Another content of the animal cell is the nucleolu s. A nucleolus is an organelle within the nucleus and it is where the ribosomal DNA is produced. Also I believe cells have more than one nucleolus. A nuclear membrane is a membrane that surrounds the nucleus. A vacuole is a fluid filled membrane with surrounded cavities inside a cell. The vacuole is being filled with food that has been digested and wastes that are coming from the cell. The mitochondrion is a spherical rod shaped organelle with two membranes. The inner membrane is infolded many times forming a series of protections called cristae. The mitochondrion converts the energy stored into the glucose in ATP. ATP stands for adenosine triphate. This molecule serves as an energy battery for countless cellular processes, including the shuttling of substances across the plasma membrane, the building and transporting of proteins and lipids, the recycling of molecules and organelles, and the dividing of cells. A centrosome is a small body located near the nucleus and it has a dense center and radiating tubes. The centrosome is where the microtubules are made. During the process of mitosis, the centrosome divided into two parts and the two parts move to opposite sides. The cytoplasm is the jelly like material outside the cell nucleus where the organelles are located. There are two types of ER. The first type is rough ER. Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough surface and appearance. Rough ER transports materials through the cell and produces in sacks called cisternae, which are sent to the Golgi body or inserted into the cell membrane. The smooth ER is a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes located in the cells cytoplasm. The space inside the ER is called the lumen ER. The smooth ER also transports materials through the cell. The next content is the ribosome. The ribosome is a small organelle composed of RNA and rich cytoplasmic granules that are sited of protein synthesis. The last content of the animal cell is the Golgi body. The Golgi body is a flattened, layered sac like organelle that is located near the nucleus. It also produces the membranes that surround the Lysosomes. The Golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membranes. The overall function of an animal cell is that they are the building blocks of tissues, organs, and whole organisms. The cell also carries around DNA of an animal. The animal cell has no chlorophyll. Also the animal does not have a cell wall because the animal cell has only cell membranes that are made up of phospholipids bilayer and proteins that hold up and protect the cell and the parts of the cell animal cells are also smaller and have no permanent vacuoles. The animal cell has no cellulose and is made up of almost cytoplasm. The eukaryotic cell is a lot larger than the prokaryotic cell. The eukaryotic is different from the paralytic cell because the eukaryotic cell houses a nucleus and numerous other membrane enclosed organelles. These organelles enable specialized functions to be carried out efficiently. The building pf proteins and lipids take place in separate organelles where the specialized enzymes are located. I loved working on this research paper because it got me thinki ng about becoming a biologist. I thought that cells were just something in your body but now I know its more than that. There is a whole other world.

My Own Understanding Of Politics :: essays research papers

My Own Understanding of Politics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A means by which individuals and interest groups compete to shape government’s impact on society’s problems and goals.† Politics is easily defined. It is the concept behind the words that is more difficult to understand. Though politics is the primary method of communicating with government, this is not the only time politics are used. Immediate, individual interests, wants, and needs must be satisfied, as well as societal problems. The pursuit of interest is the purpose and initiation of political behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The moment an individual actively pursues an interest or works toward the completion of a goal, it is projected outside him. For example, a person is shopping for a car. The situation is no longer individual because he cannot achieve his goal of obtaining a new car alone; another person or dealership must make the car available to him. Because the person selling the car also has a goal, there is interplay of interests, and the implications of politics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Negotiation over a car, or anything of interest involves a distribution of attention from one side to another. Just as a car has a seller and a buyer, the government has different political parties, and each issue has a group for and against it. Gaining cooperation from the other side requires strategy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tactics used range from peaceful, including persuasion and civil disobedience, to violent. But the expectation of reward and the actual probability of reward essentially dictate political action. Rewards are both individual and societal. Power and the ability to control motivate our political leaders. Desire for wealth fuels citizens and the economy. Skilled citizens are represented in the technologically advanced Japanese population. Enlightenment comes from an educated society. Health is invaluable to everyone, and to society when average life spans increase. And finally, respect, morality, and affection are the values that make up a person’s essence. Government is just as involved in the distribution of rewards and the claiming of values as individuals. Its leadership is the nucleus of society. The government allocates resources (money), deciding the fate of such programs as Medicare and welfare reform and the means, usually tax dollars, to pay for these programs. Government is the goal-attaining unit, and its decisions reflect those goals. The government is responsible for building a foundation now to prepare for the future. These decisions for the future are some of the most difficult ones to make.

Major Assignment

This assignment must be done in pairs; individual assignments will not be accepted. Preferably. You must select a person from within your tutorial group as your assignment partner. 3. Your assignment MUST be word processed. Hand written assignments will NOT be accepted. 4. Ensure that your names, ID No's, tutor's name and tutorial day and time are stated clearly on the cover page, which can be downloaded from Model. 5.A penalty of 10% will be deducted each day or part thereof that the assignment s late. Check late assignment policy. 6. Use proper in text referencing, footnotes and a bibliography. Popularized/copied assignments will be awarded a ZERO (O) mark, 7. 8. 9. Font size of 12 should be used with single line spacing. Word limit for this assignment is 1500 words. All answers will have to be submitted into TURN-IT-IN on model on the due Case Article: Read â€Å"Whininess seeks mining lease extension† by Archon Ala, Fiji Sun 5th March, 2013. [A copy of the article is attac hed on next page] RequiredCompile a based on the following questions, in light of reading the case article and relevant readings. In writing your answers, you may provide quotes from the article to support your answer. Assume that you and your partner have been appointed as consultants and have been requested by the investors of Asia Pacific Resources Limited to provide them a business report in regards to the following: * Explain which underlying ‘accounting assumption' is managing director Mathew Hugging most concerned about and the reasons for his concerns.I * â€Å"For the investors, the Government and the landowners the only way in which to earn income from Whininess is by operating the mine. † * Clearly explain how each party would earn income from the Whininess mine. I * Evaluate whether ‘exploration costs' for mining companies' are assets? Why or why not? I * Evaluate whether the land on which the Whininess Mine sits, is an asset of Asia Pacific Resources Limited or the landowners. * * Evaluate whether the company would have a liability in regards to the damages to the environment as a result of mining.

7 Helpful Time Management Activities for College Students

7 Helpful Time Management Activities for College Students Time management is probably one of the most important skills for surviving and thriving in college - and in life. Its a wonder more schools dont include it as a class for freshmen. Juggling classes, labs, study time, work, exercise, extracurricular activities, volunteer work, parties, and sleep is a major challenge. These tips will help you create an organized life so you can succeed at everything you do! 1. Use a Planner Whether its an app or a plain old spiral notebook, a planner is essential for keeping track of your schedule. Dont make the mistake of telling yourself youll remember it all. Use only one system, and write down everything - including time to sleep and time to play! 2. Determine Your Priorities Speaking of sleep and play, some people need more of some activities than others. Effective time management depends on your bodys needs, your personal values, and your ability to prioritize. If you can get by on six hours of sleep, thats great. But if you know you need at least eight hours in order to function, dont even pretend that six will work. 3. Go to Class First of all, youre probably paying top dollar for those classes. Second, trying to make up for what you have missed almost always takes longer than the actual class would have. Borrowing notes and doubling up on assignments is a pain. So save yourself time and trouble and go. Go in your pajamas and shades if you have to. Just show up. And some instructors give attendance points, so why not maximize your grade just by breathing in the right room? 4. If At First You Dont Succeed†¦ If you try using a planner and it doesnt work for you, dont give up. Try something else. The cold, hard truth of modern adult life is that you have to get in the habit of scheduling your day. Theres just too much going on to wing it without missing something. Find the system that works for you. It doesnt have to be the hottest thing on the market. You might do better by downgrading your system to something simpler. 5. Leave Some Room Remember that you need time to commute between activities, use the bathroom, grab a drink, and so forth. Dont sandwich things so tightly that you have no room to breathe. Include time cushions between appointments as much as you can. Youll also want to block out large chunks of free time to accommodate those unexpected things, such as a midnight fast-food run or Game of Thrones or True Detective marathon. 6. Just Say No You cant do it all and expect to get good grades and graduate on time. Once in a while, youre going to have to turn down a party in favor of sleep, or a workout in favor of extra study time. Remember those priorities we talked about earlier? Write them down if you have to. Number them in order of importance. Then, when faced with two choices, youll easily know what to do. You may not always make the best choice, but most of the time, youll be able to stick to your guns. 7. Plan for Next Semester You can try to arrange next semesters class schedule to suit you better. If you spent most of the current semester hitting Snooze or skipping those 8 a.m. classes, do everything you can to avoid early morning courses. And if you ended up with weird chunks of time between classes that were too short to do anything productive, try to schedule next semesters courses back to back. Get them all out of the way, and then youll be left with larger chunks of time that are more flexible for your needs. Tell your advisor about your priorities, and he or she can help you work out an ideal class plan. Time management doesnt have to be a drag. Once you go through this list and get in the habit of planning, it will become second nature. And youre sure to see an improvement in your grades and your overall quality of life.

Political Theory of Lying in America essays

Political Theory of Lying in America essays The significance of lying in American politics. The Americans, as a people do a lot of lying. America's current political system is overflowing with deception and corruption.i ¿Ã‚ ½ However, the deception and corruption is presented to the public in such a way from the most respected and trusted sources that everybody believes almost everything they hear on the news as if "that's all you need to know about it".i ¿Ã‚ ½ Who ever controls the use of the shallow street talk controls the depth of involvement the public will have in finding a solution to the multiple social dilemmas at hand. People are free to believe the open society lies told by the media.i ¿Ã‚ ½ Americans are open to lies of all sorts, and the U.S. government is a democratically run democracy.i ¿Ã‚ ½ How is it possible for the U.S. government people to "help" write a Constitution for the Iraqi people in six months or a year as they claim when it will take at least two years of debate in Congress to decide if telemarketers selling all kinds of unsolicited materials are "protected" by the Constitution'i ¿Ã‚ ½ i ¿Ã‚ ½ We are open to telling gigantic lies, and little lies, and leaving it up to the perceivers to sort out the meanings for application to each individual situation.i ¿Ã‚ ½ America's leaders cannot be trusted to do what they say they will do.i ¿Ã‚ ½ They rarely hold up to their campaign promises, and its always the other party's fault.i ¿Ã‚ ½ Each presidency does bring its own unique style to the task of deceiving the citizenry. And at least you can derive some truths about a president from the way he chooses to lie to you. The characteristic lying style of George Bush the Elder derived from his core belief that politics and real life are separate realms. This derived in turn from the cherished preppy-snob distinction be...

Knowledge Management and information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Knowledge Management and information - Essay Example In fact, as a medium sized organization currently employing 100 individuals, it is even more important that our company manage this knowledge exactly because we lack the market share and resources that large corporations have at their disposal. Therefore, at BioPack we need to be more responsive, more flexible, and make better decisions in order to sustain and grow in our industry. Managing knowledge will be primary in our quest to achieve these goals. So, we need to ask ourselves what exactly constitutes knowledge. We must define this concept before we can start managing this information. According to Neil Fleming in his paper Coping with a Revolution: First, data is meaningless by itself, meaningless without some context that references it within space and time. The pieces of data may indeed represent information, yet we need to understand this data for it to be deemed informative. Moreover, the extent of understanding is based on the amount of associations discernable within the data collected. Thus, information is simply an understanding of the relationships between any collected set of data. And while this information provides us with a basic understanding of relationships between data sets, it fails to provide us with either future predictions or an understanding of why the data appears the way it does. So, this data collection we now deem information fails to provide knowledge. However, when a pattern emerges within this information, knowledge is possible. Patterns, unlike collected data or information, are seldom static but rather self-contextualizing. And when patterns are properly understood, we can predict with reliabili ty how that pattern will change over a period of time. This is the embryonic stage of changing our information into a form of knowledge. When one attains a clear understanding of the underlying principles that make up these patterns that are the basis for knowledge, wisdom, or wise decisions within the workplace become possible. It is important to note that the sequence just mentioned-data-information-knowledge-wisdom does not occur in discrete stages of development. It does not take place locked up in one of our laboratories. It is ongoing, and at any given time we might be better or somewhat worse in our understanding of that data. The quality of our understanding will be key in accomplishing our goal or mission statement: To create a workplace environment that encourages new ideas and new ways of solving problems in order to stimulate innovation and synergism in the creation of new products. To continually delight the customer with our quality, and to be a leader in biotechnology research. Still, all knowledge is not created equal. According to Michael Polanyi, one type of knowledge may be classified as explicit or formal knowledge, or that which can be articulated through language among individuals. The other type is deemed tacit or informal knowledge, and is rooted in individual experience, personal belief, and individual values (The Tacit Dimension 10). As

Chinas Threats Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chinas Threats - Essay Example Finally, the effects of these threats must be evaluated. Many believe that the four most important issues regarding this question are 1) population 2) economic 3) military and 4) technology. While these areas are easily justified, the real reason behind the threat is somewhat unclear. This is largely because China, as an international role player, has no known or declared objectives. Thus, in order to have a basic idea on China's immediate and future plans, one must look back in history and decipher China's policies and ideals. In the 1960s, according to Okabe (1968), China's medium-range objectives consist of the following: promotion of world revolution and acquisition of resources, markets and territories; bolstering national security primarily against the American "threats;" and asserting its role in the international community. Although the ideals of a world revolution are hard to discern in the current objectives of China, at that time, it was apparent that its leaders valued the importance of promoting world revolution to obtain lasting peace. Related to this is the aim of achieving self-reliance as manifested by the need to add territories, markets and resources. Self-reliance entails capability of protecting a nation internally and externally thus fortifying national security is a logical step. ... Population threat Being the most populated country in the world, China has always been considered a threat to the rest of the nations. The truth is, in order to avoid perpetual explosion of its population, China had come up with a policy obliging couples to have only one offspring. Issues had been raised regarding the implementation of the said strategy but nevertheless, an estimate of 300 million people would have added to China's population if the policy was not applied. In less than three decades, China achieved a far more advanced transition in terms of demography, an area wherein other developed countries spend centuries to attain. According to the country's Census, the total population of China as of 2000 is 1,242,610,000. Hand-in-hand with this is a relatively low total fertility rate of 1.2 which is a lot less than the figures previously reported. These records made an impact to people by raising speculations whether the results were reliable or not. Majority of the country's population believ ed that the Census might have underestimated the accurate population count of China; stating, too, that many of the younger members of country's inhabitants especially the newborns were not reported and registered in China's Census. The population figures and total fertility rate reported by the Census, whether it contained underestimated and unreported data, are still far less than the possible rate of population replacement of 2.1. At this point, the country's population would be described as steady or stationary. Therefore, no matter what the reported values were, it is undoubtedly evident that China was able to control the

FOUNDATIONS OF OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Coursework

FOUNDATIONS OF OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT - Coursework Example The office is small as it was the starting point of the business. The company had been trying to find a way to explore the potential clients at the sea side, but had been reluctant to work on a business plan or business strategy due to the presence of a huge number and variety of competitors already operating in that set up. Instead they have been focusing on building a brand name and customer loyalty through exceptional customer care. Due to this strategy the company had been fast in reaching their annual profit goal, in fact they have exceeded it. So, the board has decided that it is time to step in this potential market. The company’s resorts are already present there and are flourishing but research has shown that a small restaurant will attract a lot of foreign tourists and who could say no to a side profit. A business plan has already been made and approved, this plan includes financial planning, restaurant market research, cash flow forecast, competitor’s analysi s, human resource planning and a marketing plan. More than 70% of our surveyed foreigners focus group deduced having a liking to eat their homelands native food rather than trying new things even in foreign land. Due to already being able to deal with a lot of tourists our chefs are already specialized in foreign cuisine. This is a strength as compare to the potential competitors. Client satisfaction with services and the main menu has been and keeps on being of most extreme significance, yet our discoveries demonstrate that the lighting, bar, decor, and different alternatives to enhance the feasting experience are additionally figures in client choices and tourists are mainly attracted to such places. Cash flow for the next two year has been prepared starting from a huge outflow in the first three months in the preparation and setting up of the restaurant. Starting from cleaning of the already present

There is no Safety Without Risk and What You Risk Reveals What You Value Essay Example for Free

There is no Safety Without Risk and What You Risk Reveals What You Value Essay Everyone at one time or another are faced with challenges that goes against what they know is the right thing to do.   Sacrifices are a necessary part of life. We all have to make decisions as to what sacrifices and values we will give up in exchange to be accepted by a certain social class, age group, the community, the church, promotions, jobs and so on. Very emotionally sound people are capable of giving up popularity and acceptance, and choosing isolation to keep their values. These people almost never are persuaded to choose the wrong path, be one of the crowd, giving in to peer pressure.  Ã‚   Some people have their fears and personal conflicts that make their lives difficult because they act against their beliefs and do what others expect of them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No one can influence my personal beliefs or opinions. I am not impressed with money or status, do not wear or purchase clothes-or on the other hand avoid wearing clothes-because everyone else wears certain fashions, or disapproves of what I am wearing. I am willing to risk hatred, enmity, a certain status, social approval to keep my values. I determine peoples character by their behavior, not their age, neighborhood, race, monetary status, or any external features. Of course, what they are on the inside shows up on the outside. Substance abuse still affects people’s mental and physical health, whether it is a licensed nurse or drug dealer misusing and distributing drugs. People will always show you who they are, especially when put under pressure or a third party becomes involved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1964, a woman named Catherine Genovese was stabbed to death in New York City one night walking home from work. Thirty eight people were reported witnessing the attack. No one did anything to stop the attack. Certainly, someone witnessing an attack involving someone getting murdered is going to hear some distinctive screaming. Many people hearing the attack decided this dispute was none of their business. So what if they would have intervened in an incident that was â€Å"none of their business,† called the police anonymously and it turned out to be nothing. People did not want to risk their image of being one of these old nosey neighbors who peeks in the blind wanting to see trouble.   Should I ever hear someone getting stabbed, I would risk being identified as a nosey person who got involved in something that was none of her business. I could not live with knowing I could have saved a life, anyone’s life and did not act on it that instant moment. I would risk having the entire city gossip about me, calling me paranoid if it involved potentially saving someone’s life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I remember of an incident when I was about 12 years old. This took place at the dance studio I was going to. We were talking about our costumes for an upcoming performance in a huge theatre. I was eager to go to my dance instructor’s car and get the costume catalogs.   She parked her car on the side, towards the back. She did not want to be in the way of parents and other dancers coming into the dance studio. It was about 9:30 P.M. When I went out there, I saw a group of boys talking, but their tone of voice sounded very threatening and demanding to each other. I do remember seeing a very shiny knife in the dark. I wanted to see if one of my friends from dancing was out there. I walked up to the crowd, and asked them what where they doing. The boys or men outside   quickly they all got into their very nice, expensive   sports cars and drove away. Not a one of them seemed to have known I was there or acknowledged me. I did not understand why they reacted when I walked up to them, but all acted like I was invisible. I thought I was going to save someone, anyone from getting hurt. I told many people, and got severely fussed at. For the next week or so, I had lots of trouble, from teachers, other kids, even the school principle kept calling me in the office. The secretaries were very ugly to me.   I am sure the incident at the dance studio had something to do with this. I thought to myself, I did not care if the whole school or my parents turned against me. I stopped a fight. Of course today, I understand why my parents would have been concerned. A twelve year old female going to ask a group of boys or young men in their twenties or so could be very dangerous. Also, a twelve year old who never knew that people actually do get in fist fights is incapable of stopping gang violence or obvious drug deal. I did not realize a drug deal was going on, or that drugs even caused such incidences. I guess I thought this was older brothers of the girls I was dancing with. I was following the values my parents taught me the last 12 years. But they never taught me about situations like this.   I did not know people actually held knives or guns or even got into physical violence with each other. At twelve years old, I had no concept of that, except maybe on television. Of course this is a very unusual situation. Today, I would still risk disapproval from everyone to save someone else’s life. Today, the only reason I could think of the school treating me like I did something wrong was those boys were a bunch of judges and politician’s sons. Today, of course I would be smarter about it saving someone’s life if I thought they were in jeopardy. Knowledge and human compassion should be part of our every day lives so we can help others who at the same time can help us to continue to develop our great society.

Essay --

Joe Reschke 8E #19 December 9, 2013 Research Paper There are about 3-4 million shipwrecks in the world. The shipwrecks are mostly spread in the Great Lakes and in the Oceans. Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum estimates that about 6,000 ships are wrecked on the bottom of the Great Lakes. The United Nations estimates about 3 million shipwrecks on the ocean floor. The great lakes, which can be seen from space, are the largest freshwater system in the world. The lakes are home to 3,500 species of plants and animals, 170 fish species, they contain 21% of the worlds freshwater, and they cover 95,160 square miles. They are home to about 6,000 shipwrecks. - Graph By: David Swayne of Great Lakes History.com This Graph represents the distribution of shipwrecks over various lakes. It show us that most shipwrecks that happen in lakes happen in the great lakes. The first ship (not including canoes) to ever travel on the Great Lakes, The Griffon, was shipwrecked. It was wrecked in a violent storm on Lake Huron. The ocean covers 70% of the Earth’s surface. The largest ocean on Earth is the Pacific Ocean. It covers around 30% of the Earth’s surface, and the Pacific Ocean contains around 25,000 different islands, many more than are found in Earth’s other oceans and, there are about 350 shark species in all of the oceans. Have you ever seen a shipwreck and wondered how it sunk or just wondered how ships sink in general? There are many reasons why boats sink. Ships are made to be on top of the water so when a wave brings water on top of the boat it will most likely cause it to sink. One of the most common ways for a boat to sink is when a boat finds itself in a massive storm and it gets engulfed with waves making water come on the b... ...while at Pearl Harbor. Her bow was severed and wrecked her command room. The main part of the ship and stern were still intact. The Shaw was temporarily repaired and returned to battle in The Battle of Santa Cruz Islands. The ship wrecked once again in January 1943. It ran aground near New Caledonia and this time returned for major repairs. After it was â€Å"Reschke 7† repaired again it was sent back to the warzone in October or 1943. It wasn’t done wrecking yet. In December 1943, The U.S.S. Shaw was hit with an air attack near Cape Gloucester. It once again had to go back for major repairs. Following those repairs The Shaw participated in the Invasion Of Guam. Subsequent to that in October 1944- 1945 it escorted pacific convoys to liberate Luzon and other parts of the Philippines. When the Pacific War ended the Shaw was scrapped. â€Å"Reschke 8†

The Roots of Artificial Intelligence Essay -- History Historical Essay

The Roots of Artificial Intelligence The roots of artificial intelligence can be traced back to ancient Greece with myths like that of Pygmalion, which incorporated the idea of an intelligent robot. These early thoughts soon developed into stories like Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein in 1818, which was the story of a monster created by man and brought to life. These stories make for interesting fireside tales and bedtime reading, but where did artificial intelligence truly get its start? Most scientists and historians would give this credit to â€Å"the father of artificial intelligence†1, John McCarthy. Without McCarthy, the term â€Å"artificial intelligence† would not have been coined; and many discoveries in this growing field would not have been made or pursued without his preliminary research into this previously uncharted territory of computer science. This early research in artificial intelligence has led to many of the most important technological advances of all time. By loo king at John McCarthy’s life and a few of these applications of artificial intelligence, it is easy to see how much of an impact the field of artificial intelligence has had on our world. John McCarthy was born in 1927 in Boston, Massachusetts. His mother, a journalist for the Federated Press wire service, and his father, a fisherman, carpenter, and a union organizer, were both Communist party activists. â€Å"McCarthy has ascribed his early interest in science to his family’s political views, pointing to their general belief that technology was good for humanity†2. Due to his family’s controversial political views, John was kept on the move for most of his childhood, first to New York and then on to Los Angeles. As a junior in... ...ries that will help society just as much, if not more, than a true artificial intelligence. Works Cited 1Morales, Edu. Online: http://web.mit.edu/STS001/www/Team7/home.html 2 Ibid. 3Weiss, Sonia. â€Å"John McCarthy†. Online: http://www.digitalcentury.com/encyclo/update/mccarthy.html 4Ibid. 5Ibid. 6Ibid. 7Christiansen, Brian. â€Å"History of Speech Recognition†. Online: http://www.stanford.edu/~jmaurer/history.htm 8Howard-Spink, Sam. Online: http://www.research.ibm.com/thinkresearch/pages/2002/20020918_speech.shtml 9Ibid. 10 â€Å"Remote Control in Deep Space.† Science News Weekly. 29 May 1999. 11Artificial Intelligence. Exploration Systems Autonomy Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Online: http://www-aig.jpl.nasa.gov/ 12Roush, Wade. â€Å"Immbots Take Control.† Technology Review. December 2002-January 2003.

Is Bottled Water Worth It? Essay

In somewhat recent discussions, one of the worlds favorite grab and go drink has come into question whether it’s safe enough to drink or not and that is, bottled water. A well-known convenient commodity to everybody, but some argue it is neither healthy for our environment, our pockets, or ourselves. The people from this perspective say bottled water deserves to be banned because the negatives indeed out weigh the positives. On a different side of the spectrum others use bottled water’s good marketability, convenience and it being a better alternative to soda and other sugary drink found in schools as excuses to keep bottled from being banned. Another interesting view expresses the fact that bottled water is silly in itself but it still should not be banned. So the question is to be banned or not to be banned? Millions of people drink it a day but do they ever question whether what may be in the water they’re drinking? Probably not, nor should they have to. The Environmental Working Group (EWG), a nonprofit organization that strives to protect the public health and the environment using public information (Langwith 1), had one of the United States leading water quality laboratories test 10 commonly bought bottled water brands in 9 states and in the District of Columbia. What they found might be astonishing to some. They found these brands tested contained a total of 38 chemical pollutants and an average of 8 contaminants in each brand. A third of the chemicals found were not even regulated in bottled water (Langwith 2). Some of the chemicals and pollutants that were found in these 10 brands were things from disinfection products to caffeine and pharmaceuticals. Heavy metals and minerals like arsenic and radioactive isotopes were also found (Langwith 2). It is also not mandatory for bottled water companies to inform their customers when they get contaminants in their water (Langwith 3). So essentially, you don’t know exactly what your getting when decides to drink bottled water. Besides the effects it has on our health it also wastes our money. Two of the brands that were tested, Wal-Mart’s Sam’s Choice and Giant Acadia, were found to be chemically indistinguishable from tap water (Langwith 3). Basically people are just buying they’re water back for 1,900 the price of the tap water they could be getting at their homes for much cheaper. Damaging to the environment as well, out of the 36 billion bottles sold in 2006 only a fifth of them were recycled. The rest of the bottles ended up as litter in places such as landfills, land and in rivers, streams, and oceans. Producing water bottles in the U.S. uses around 1.5 million barrels of oil every year. This is enough energy to power 250,000 homes or fuel for 100,000( Langwith 5). Taking water for plastic bottles puts quite a strain on our rivers, streams, and community drinking water supplies. When water isn’t bottled from a municipal supply these companies must draw it from groundwater supplies, rivers, springs or streams (Langwith 5). Some people view bottled water as a good thing from a marketing point of view and a way to help children in general and in schools. With obesity rates rising in the United States claiming that 17 percent of children in the United States are overweight. Bottled water could be used as a healthier alternative then all the sugary sodas and other drinks that are found in schools. Schools and companies are trying to make bottled water a fun and healthy. Nestle, a bottled water manufacturer came up with the Aquapod, which is a rocket ship shaped bottle to attract the younger buyers (Tucker, Sprague 3). Other brands have also made fun water bottles as well. Bottled water is a constantly growing business. During 2007, bottled water accounted for 17 percent of the non-alcoholic beverages. By the year 2011 the bottled water market grew about 48.5 percent (Tucker, Sprague 3). Charles Fisherman provides an interesting view to the subject stating that bottled water is silly, yet it shouldn’t be banned. He gives an example of the silliness of water bottles with the company Pellegrino and how they wash their bottles with Pellegrino water. But he also says banning water bottles wont teach anyone anything. Regardless there will still be soda and other drinks available that are high in sugar for people to consume. People also need bottled water on campuses because they’re water fountains are dirty and unsafe to use (Fisherman 2). Though these arguments give valid points but do not address the effects that bottled water may have on ones health and environment that in turn is more important then its marketability and how convenient it may be.

Principal Teachings About Peace In Christianity Essays

Principal Teachings About Peace In Christianity Essays Principal Teachings About Peace In Christianity Essay Principal Teachings About Peace In Christianity Essay Principal teachings about peace in Christianity Heart of Jesus ministry The teaching of the New Testament affirms the centrality of peace to the Christian message. It was at the heart of the life and ministry of Jesus and accordingly is sought after and taken up by the communities that seek to follow Jesus. Peace is understood as more than merely an absence of violence and conflict. It refers more fully to an overall sense of wellbeing. Ultimately peace is found in union with God. Christians are taught to live at peace with others, both within their own communities and in the wider human family. Christian pacifism Throughout the first three centuries Of the common era Christians adopted a pacifist position and refused to engage in military service or warfare. This was a position that contributed to them being marginals in the wider community and persecuted by the Roman authorities. Yet despite the hardships, Christians as a whole refused to engage in warfare, believing that to do so would be contrary to their faith. The conversion of the Emperor Constantine in the fourth century introduced Christians to a new situation where they were now part of the establishment and the empire was their ally ether than a threat to their existence. This new situation led to a rethinking of the position of the Christian Church in relation to its involvement in warfare. Philosophical challenges This new situation created a number of philosophical challenges to the pacifist stance held by the Christians. They now had to consider how they could maintain and guarantee the freedom of people in the society, in pa reticular their religious freedom. They also had to consider how to protect their property from theft or destruction. Another problem related to the protection of innocent people in the light of acts of aggression by others. These and other similar concerns forced the Christian Church to compromise its hard line stance against military involvement and the use of warfare. The Just War Theory The challenges of this new situation over time led to the development of a just war theory. This theory originated from Augustine, Bishop of Hippo in the fourth century and was modified and refined by various people over the centuries including Thomas Aquinas in the middle ages and Francisco De Aviator in the 16th century. Morally acceptable cause The Just War theory sought to establish guidelines under which it was morally acceptable to engage in warfare. The Just War theory is the source of ongoing debate and although it has considerable standing among Christian denominations it is, nevertheless, problematic in theory as well as in practice. The Just War theory maintains that nations are morally justified in waging war providing that the circumstances of the conflict and the waging of the war meet the following seven principles. 1. War must be aimed at repelling or deterring aggression and safeguarding human rights. 2. It must be authorized by a legitimate authority. 3. The stated objectives for going to war must be the real ones. 4. War must e a last resort; all peaceful alternatives must be exhausted. 5. The probability of success must be sufficiently clear to justify the human and other costs. 6. The damage inflicted by war must be proportionate to its objectives. 7. Noncombatants must not be targeted. Application of Just War Theory Some would argue that there has never been a war which meets all seven requirements of the Just War theory and indeed the nature of warfare itself is intrinsically contradictory to many of the elements of the Just War theory. The difficulty in practice is how to determine the legitimacy of a claim of a Just War. In the 2003 Gulf War, US President George W Bush used the claim Of a Just War to refute opposition to his plan to invade Iraq. Various religious authorities had publicly stated their opposition, saying that the planned invasion was not morally justified. In this case, both parties were appealing to the same seven principles of the Just War theory to support their claims and were arriving at opposite conclusions. A brief analysis of each of these principles readily highlights some of the difficulties. Safeguarding human rights 1 War must be aimed at repelling or deterring aggression and safeguarding unman rights. The type of chaos and disorder that results from military conflict makes it impossible to monitor or safeguard human rights. The very act of destruction which is integral to combat inevitably destroys much of the infrastructure required to sustain basic rights such as food, water, shelter etc. Usually there is a prolonged period of disorder before basic infrastructure can be restored. In this time human rights violations are inevitable. Mandate to decide 1. It must be authorized by a legitimate authority. Even in the case of a democratically elected government declaring war, there s still an aspect of debate. The case of Australias involvement in the 2003 Gulf War saw the Prime Minister commit Australian troops to combat without reference to the Parliament. Additionally, some would suggest that a government does not have the right to engage in warfare unless it was specifically elected with that mandate. A further aspect of the Gulf War is the fact that Australian troops were committed to war when the United Nations remained opposed to the war and was urging the American led coalition to refrain from conflict until further efforts at peaceful resolution of differences ere pursued. The question here is who exactly is the legitimate authority? Multiple causes of conflict 1 . The stated objectives for going to war must be the real ones. There is seldom a single clear reason for engaging in warfare. Frequently the principal catalyst for the beginning of the war is the final element in a series of grievances that may date back for generations or even centuries. Therefore the stated reasons or objectives are often only a part of the real or true reasons. In the case of the 2003 Gulf war, the declared cause to engage in warfare was the existence of weapons of mass destruction. In the years following the declaration of war there has not any validation of this claim. Various theories have been proposed concerning the real reasons for the war, however, this instance of conflict highlights the difficulties in meeting this requirement. Strategic advantage 1 . War must be a last resort; all peaceful alternatives must be exhausted. From a philosophical point of view it can be argued that there are always further peaceful alternatives to be explored and accordingly war, as the last resort, should never be taken up. In practice the parties choosing to engage in airfare are more concerned with gaining a strategic advantage and are thus not inclined to delay. Further, they would argue that their cause is urgent and cannot wait until peaceful alternatives are exhausted. In the case of the 2003 Gulf War, the LOS led coalition were determined to proceed even though the United Nations weapons inspectors were asking for more time to complete their work as a peaceful alternative. The US authorities claimed that the risk posed by Iraqs weapons of mass destruction made the need to invade an urgent one. Others have suggested that the invasion took place in the Northern spring as this timing avoided the harsh climatic conditions that would have prevailed if they had delayed. Prolonged conflict 1 . The probability of success must be sufficiently clear to justify the human and other costs. It is extremely difficult to judge the possibility Of success in any military engagement. Even when the one of the combatants has far superior military capabilities it does not guarantee success and certainly doesnt ensure that the action will be quick, efficient and contained. In reality, conflicts are often prolonged and devastating in terms of the human cost. Wars such as the Vietnam War, the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and the recent Gulf Wars highlight the difficulties. In each of these cases a military super power has been unable to quickly and efficiently achieve its goals. In the course of these prolonged conflicts, the local communities have suffered great cost for an extended period of time. Devastating military power 1 . The damage inflicted by war must be proportionate to its objectives. As time has gone by the capacity of military weapons has increased phenomenally and the extent of damage caused has likewise reached extraordinary proportions. Due to capacity Of such weapons to inflict damage it is now patently impossible to engage in warfare where the damage is limited to something proportionate to the objectives. The destructive capabilities of modern weapons have led to extraordinary degrees of destruction in war zones. Accordingly it is unlikely that modern warfare can ever claim to limit the damage inflicted to something which is proportionate to its objectives. Innocent victims of warfare 1. Noncombatants must not be targeted. Increasingly in modern times, the victims of warfare are noncombatants rather than military personnel. The nature of warfare in recent decades has seen the use of powerful weapons launched from considerable distances to attack targets. This has meant that those actively engaging in conflict are some distance from the target area or war zone. Thus, although there may not be a deliberate strategy to target noncombatants, inevitably many innocent people will suffer the consequences of the action. The application of the Just War theory remains problematic. In recent decades religious authorities have been virtually unanimous in their condemnation Of warfare. Peace and Justice Justice before peace While a great deal of emphasis has been placed on the value of the Just War theory, in modern times an increasing emphasis has been brought to bear on the underlying causes of the conflicts that undermine peace. Leaders of the Christian Churches have increasingly focused their attention on the relationship between poverty, justice and human rights and the escalation of conflicts. They have argued powerfully that the world cannot expect to achieve peace without first achieving justice and that while so many people live in poverty and without basic human rights that there will always been unrest leading to conflict and violence.

Culture is ordinary essays

Culture is ordinary essays Culture is Ordinary. Critically Evaluate this Statement with Reference to the work of Williams The discussion and debate of culture and what it represents in British society is very much a modern phenomenon. The first academics to discuss the topic, people such as Leavis, Hoggart and Williams first did so around the 1950s and 60s. Before such time there was no concise, recorded commentary on the meaning of culture, how it affects society and how it is to be approached. This development of cultural debate and the foundations of the specific academic discipline of cultural studies is intricately linked to the economic environment of the time and the time preceding it, in particular the rise of industrialisation. With the development of a division of class, differing educational opportunities and the rise of consumerism the issues surrounding a debate on culture and what it is became particularly relevant. However, what is to be discovered by anyone investigating culture is that it is a very complex concept due to its multi-dimensional nature. The word culture is used ev eryday with many different meanings intended. As Williams says, "Culture is one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language" (Williams,1976, p87). It can be used in the context of mass culture, popular culture or high culture. It has been used to describe whole nations or a particular group within a nation. Hebdige talked of subculture referring to a movement against the dominant values of a society and culture can also be a growth of micro-organisms. Therefore, it is important that whenever discussing this topic one takes the up most care to be clear and precise about the intended meaning of culture. Williams contribution to the culture debate is one of the most insightful and immense to date. His argument is based on the view that "culture is ordi...